Ontario Family Law Guide

Joint Custody vs. Sole Custody: It's About Decisions, Not Time.

Confused by the terms? "Custody" is now legally called "Decision-Making Responsibility." Learn the critical difference between making major life choices for your child and the actual parenting schedule — they are two completely separate legal concepts under Ontario law.

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2021
Divorce Act Amendments
2
Separate Legal Concepts
3
Major Decision Categories

Legal Review: This guide reflects the 2021 amendments to the Divorce Act and the Children's Law Reform Act, reviewed by Deepa Tailor, Senior Family Lawyer at Tailor Law Professional Corporation.

Updated: 2025
8 min read

The Quick Answer: What is the Difference?

The difference lies in who makes the major decisions. Joint Custody — now legally called "Joint Decision-Making Responsibility" under the 2021 Divorce Act amendments — means both parents must agree on major issues like education, religion, and non-emergency healthcare. Sole Custody — now called "Sole Decision-Making Responsibility" — means one parent has the final say on these matters.

Crucially, custody is NOT the same as Parenting Time. You can have Joint Decision-Making Responsibility even if the child lives primarily with one parent. The schedule and the decision-making authority are two entirely separate legal concepts governed by the Children's Law Reform Act and the Divorce Act.

Key Terminology Change (2021):

Joint CustodyJoint Decision-Making Responsibility
Sole CustodySole Decision-Making Responsibility
AccessParenting Time
Custody OrderParenting Order

The "Big 3" Decisions

Under Ontario law, Decision-Making Responsibility applies specifically to Major Decisions — not day-to-day parenting choices. Here are the three core categories courts recognize.

Education

School & Learning Choices

  • Choice of school (public, private, Catholic)
  • French Immersion vs. English stream
  • Tutoring and academic support programs
  • Special education assessments (IEP)
  • Post-secondary planning decisions

Medical Care

Health & Wellness Decisions

  • Vaccination schedules and choices
  • Orthodontics and dental procedures
  • Mental health therapy and counselling
  • Elective surgeries and medical procedures
  • Choice of family doctor or specialist

Emergency care is always decided by the parent present — this is never subject to joint approval.

Religion

Faith & Spiritual Upbringing

  • Religious upbringing and faith tradition
  • Attendance at religious services
  • Participation in rites and ceremonies
  • Religious education (Sunday school, etc.)
  • Dietary restrictions tied to faith

What About Day-to-Day Decisions?

Each parent makes routine daily decisions — bedtime, meals, homework help, screen time — during their own Parenting Time. These do not require the other parent's consent, regardless of whether the arrangement is joint or sole Decision-Making Responsibility.

The 50/50 Schedule Myth

This is the most common — and most costly — misunderstanding in Ontario family law.

The Myth

"If I get Joint Custody, I automatically get 50% of the time with my child."

Many parents fight fiercely — and spend thousands in legal fees — pursuing "Joint Custody" under the belief that it guarantees them equal time with their child. This belief is legally incorrect.

Joint Decision-Making Responsibility says nothing about where the child sleeps, how many nights they spend with each parent, or who picks them up from school. It is exclusively about who has authority over major life decisions.

Courts have repeatedly confirmed: Decision-Making Responsibility and Parenting Time are determined independently of each other.

The Reality

The schedule is called "Shared Parenting" — and it's a separate legal question.

Shared Parenting (or Shared Parenting Time) refers to a schedule where each parent has the child at least 40% of the time. This is the term for what most people mean when they say "50/50."

These two arrangements can exist in any combination:

  • Joint Decision-Making + Primary residence with one parent
  • Sole Decision-Making + Shared Parenting Time (50/50 schedule)
  • Joint Decision-Making + Shared Parenting Time
  • Sole Decision-Making + Every-other-weekend schedule

The Bottom Line

When negotiating your parenting arrangement, you must address two separate questions: (1) Who has Decision-Making Responsibility? and (2) What is the Parenting Time schedule? Conflating the two is one of the most expensive mistakes parents make in Ontario family law proceedings.

When is Sole Decision-Making Appropriate?

Ontario courts default toward arrangements that maximize both parents' involvement. Sole Decision-Making Responsibility is granted when joint decision-making would not serve the Best Interests of the Child.

High Conflict

Parents cannot communicate effectively without escalating into conflict. Every joint decision becomes a battleground, causing significant stress and instability for the child.

Legal Signal: Courts will consider Sole Decision-Making when communication has broken down to the point where joint decisions harm the child's well-being.

Deadlock on Values

Parents hold fundamentally incompatible values — for example, one parent refuses vaccinations on religious grounds while the other insists on standard medical care. Joint decision-making becomes impossible.

Legal Signal: When a deadlock directly affects the child's health, education, or safety, courts may grant one parent sole authority over that specific category of decisions.

Safety or Abuse History

One parent has a documented history of domestic violence, substance abuse, or behaviour that impairs their judgment and ability to act in the Best Interests of the Child.

Legal Signal: Under the 2021 Divorce Act amendments, courts must consider family violence as a primary factor when determining Decision-Making Responsibility.

Geographic Distance

Parents live in different countries, provinces, or time zones, making real-time joint decisions about urgent matters (e.g., a medical emergency) logistically impractical or impossible.

Legal Signal: Courts may grant Sole Decision-Making to the primary residential parent while preserving the other parent's right to be informed and consulted.

Important: The Standard is Always the Child's Best Interests

Under both the Divorce Act and the Children's Law Reform Act, the court's only consideration is the Best Interests of the Child. A parent's preference, convenience, or past behaviour is only relevant insofar as it affects the child. Courts do not award Sole Decision-Making as punishment — it is a protective measure.

Relevant Laws & Statutes

Primary legal sources cited in this guide — all links open official government or legal databases.

Children's Law Reform Act (Decision-Making Responsibility)

Ontario statute governing parenting arrangements for unmarried parents — updated to reflect Decision-Making Responsibility and Parenting Time.

CanLII · Ontario Legislation

Justice Canada — Parenting Arrangements After Separation or Divorce

Federal government resource explaining how the 2021 Divorce Act amendments changed the language from "custody and access" to "Decision-Making Responsibility and Parenting Time."

Department of Justice Canada

Steps to Justice — Child Custody, Access & Parenting

Plain-language legal guide for Ontario residents explaining custody, access, and parenting arrangements in practical terms.

Steps to Justice · Legal Aid Ontario

External links are provided for reference only. Tailor Law is not affiliated with these sources.

Custody FAQs

Answers to the most-searched questions about joint and sole custody in Ontario

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Continue building your knowledge with these related guides from Tailor Law.

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Deepa Tailor, Senior Family Lawyer at Tailor Law

Deepa Tailor

Senior Family Lawyer

Tailor Law Professional Corporation · Mississauga & Toronto, Ontario

Deepa Tailor is the founding lawyer of Tailor Law Professional Corporation and one of Ontario's leading family law advocates. With extensive experience in custody, parenting arrangements, and high-conflict family disputes, Deepa has guided hundreds of Ontario parents through the complexities of Decision-Making Responsibility and Parenting Time under both the Divorce Act and the Children's Law Reform Act. She is known for her strategic, results-driven approach and her commitment to protecting the Best Interests of the Child.

View Full Bio

Fighting Over Decisions? You Need a Clear Parenting Plan.

Whether you need Joint or Sole Decision-Making Responsibility, our Ontario family lawyers will help you build a parenting plan that protects your child's Best Interests — and holds up in court.

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